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Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in a Square Enclosure Using CuO-Water Nanofluid: Effects of Different Volume Fractions and Baffles
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Mohsen Omidvar1   , Taher Armaghani *2 , Farhad Dowlatabadi3 |
1- Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.C., Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
2- Department of Mechanical Engineering, WT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , armaghani.taher@wtiau.ac.ir
3- Department of Mechanical Engineering, WT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran |
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Abstract: (10 Views) |
In this study, steady-state heat transfer in a square enclosure was experimentally investigated using water as a base fluid and a copper oxide (CuO)-water nanofluid at 1% and 2% volume fractions. The heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were compared for both conditions. Experiments were performed in a square enclosure with internal dimensions of 9.9 × 9.9 × 10 cm³, utilizing baffles of different heights (3, 5, and 7 cm). Each baffle was positioned 4 cm from the hot plate. The enclosure was also tested at various inclination angles (-45°, 0°, 45°, and 90°). For the pure water base fluid in the presence of baffles, the results showed that the highest Nusselt numbers were achieved with the 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm baffles at angles of 45°, 0°, and 90°, respectively. The lowest Nusselt number occurred at an angle of -45°. When the enclosure was filled with the nanofluid, the maximum Nusselt number was obtained at a 45° angle with the 3 cm baffle. Increasing the nanofluid volume fraction from 1% to 2% enhanced the Nusselt number by approximately 11.54%. Furthermore, the Nusselt number for the 2% nanofluid with the 3 cm baffle increased by 21.26% compared to pure water. |
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| Keywords: nanofluid, natural convection, square enclosure, baffle, copper oxide |
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Full-Text [PDF 1619 kb]
(10 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Heat and Mass Transfer
Received: 2026/03/4 | Accepted: 2026/05/9 | Published: 2026/05/31
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